The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 160, Issue 6 , Pages 966-971.e2 , June 2012

Effect of Ethnicity and Race on Cognitive and Language Testing at Age 18-22 Months in Extremely Preterm Infants

  • Andrea Freeman Duncan, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Andrea Freeman Duncan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, MSC10 5590, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001.
    • ,
  • Kristi L. Watterberg, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
    • ,
  • Tracy L. Nolen, MStat

      Affiliations

    • Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
    • ,
  • Betty R. Vohr, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants’ Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI
    • ,
  • Ira Adams-Chapman, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
    • ,
  • Abhik Das, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
    • ,
  • Jean Lowe, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
    • ,
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network

      Affiliations

    • List of members of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network is available at www.jpeds.com (Appendix).

Received 6 August 2011 ,Revised 2 November 2011 ,Accepted 8 December 2011.

References 

  1. Aylward GP. Cognitive and neuropsychological outcomes: more than IQ scores. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res. 2002;8:234–240
  2. Anderson PJ, Doyle LW. Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics. 2004;114:50–57
  3. Moster D, Lie RT, Markestad R. Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. New Engl J Med. 2008;359:262–273
  4. Saigal S, den Ouden L, Wolke D, Hoult L, Paneth N, Streiner DL, et al. School-age outcomes in children who were extremely low birth weight from four international population-based cohorts. Pediatrics. 2003;112:943–950
  5. Hack M, Taylor HG, Drotar D, Schlucter M, Cartar L, Wilson-Costello D, et al. Poor predictive validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development for cognitive function of extremely low birth weight children at school age. Pediatrics. 2005;116:333–341
  6. Nordhov SM, Ronning JA, Dahl LB, Ulvund SE, Tunby J, Kaaresen PI. Early intervention improves cognitive outcomes for preterm infants: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e1088
  7. Ramey CT, Campbell FA, Burchinal M, Skinner ML, Gardner DM, Ramey SL. Persistent effects of early childhood education on high-risk children and their mothers. Appl Dev Sci. 2000;4:2–14
  8. Bayley N. Bayley scales of infant development. second edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1993;
  9. Lowe J, MacLean P, Shaffer P, Watterberg K. Early working memory and cognition in a cohort of ethnically diverse infants born extremely low birth weight at 18-22 months. J Child Neurol. 2009;24:410–415
  10. Bayley N. Bayley scales of infant development. third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2006;
  11. Leung AK, Kao CP. Evaluation and management of the child with speech delay. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59:3121–3128
  12. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Walsh MC, et al. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Pediatrics. 2010;126:443–456
  13. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and validation of a gross motor function classification system for children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:214–223
  14. Taylor HG, Klein N, Drotar D, Schluchter M, Hack M. Consequences and risk of <1000 g birth weight for neuropsychological skills, achievement, and adaptive functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006;27:459–469
  15. Doyle LW VICS Study Group. Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23-27 weeks’ gestation: refining the prognosis. Pediatrics. 2001;108:134–141
  16. Laucht M, Esser G, Schmidt MH. Developmental outcome of infants born with biological and psychosocial risks. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:843–853
  17. Egede LE. Race, ethnicity, culture, and disparities in health care. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;2:667–669

 Supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which provided grant support for the Neonatal Research Network’s Generic Database and Follow-up Studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

PII: S0022-3476(11)01259-5

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.009

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 160, Issue 6 , Pages 966-971.e2 , June 2012

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