« BackThe Journal of Pediatrics
Article in Press

Effect of Ethnicity and Race on Cognitive and Language Testing at Age 18-22 Months in Extremely Preterm Infants

  • Andrea Freeman Duncan, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Andrea Freeman Duncan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, MSC10 5590, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001.
    • ,
  • Kristi L. Watterberg, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
    • ,
  • Tracy L. Nolen, MStat

      Affiliations

    • Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
    • ,
  • Betty R. Vohr, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants’ Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI
    • ,
  • Ira Adams-Chapman, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
    • ,
  • Abhik Das, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
    • ,
  • Jean Lowe, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM
    • ,
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network

      Affiliations

    • List of members of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network is available at www.jpeds.com (Appendix).

Received 6 August 2011; received in revised form 2 November 2011; accepted 8 December 2011. published online 24 January 2012.
Corrected Proof

Objective

To evaluate the relationship of race/ethnicity to Cognitive and Language scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition in extremely preterm toddlers (<28 + 0 weeks’ estimated gestational age).

Study design

This cohort study included extremely preterm toddlers seen at Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers evaluated at 18-22 months adjusted age from 3 race/ethnic groups (white, black, and Hispanic white). Multivariate regression modeling was used to identify race/ethnic differences, after adjusting for medical and psychosocial factors.

Results

The study population comprised 369 whites, 352 blacks, and 144 Hispanic whites. Cognitive scores differed among the 3 groups on unadjusted analysis (P ≤ .001), but not after adjusting for medical and psychosocial factors (P = .13). Language scores differed on adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Whites scored higher than blacks and Hispanic whites, and blacks scored higher than Hispanic whites.

Conclusions

A combination of medical variables and primary caretaker education accounted for differences in Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition Cognitive scores among the 3 groups. Black and Hispanic white toddlers had lower Language scores than whites, even after adjustment. Early intervention should be targeted to these identified risk factors. Assessment of early language development in minority children may be warranted.

BSID-II, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Second Edition, BSID-III, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, EGA, Estimated gestational age, GMFCS, Gross Motor Function Classification System, NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NRN, Neonatal Research Network

To access this article, please choose from the options below

Login to an existing account or Register a new account.

  • Purchase this article for 30.00 USD (You must login/register to purchase this article)

    Online access for 24 hours. The PDF version can be downloaded as your permanent record.

  • Subscribe to this title

    Get unlimited online access to this article and all other articles in this title 24/7 for one year.

  • Claim access now

    For current subscribers with Society Membership or Account Number.

  • Visit SciVerse ScienceDirect to see if you have access via your institution.
 

 Supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which provided grant support for the Neonatal Research Network’s Generic Database and Follow-up Studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

PII: S0022-3476(11)01259-5

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.009

« BackThe Journal of Pediatrics

Article Tools