The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 155, Issue 5 , Pages 610-611 , November 2009

Breast-feeding and Child Lead Exposure: A Cause for Concern

  • Michael Weitzman, MD, BA

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Dr Michael Weitzman, Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, NBV-8S4-11, New York, NY 10016.
    • ,
  • Meredith Kursmark, BA

References 

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  2. Read J. Human milk, breastfeeding, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the United States. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1196–1205
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  5. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf A, Angelilli M, Zatakia J, Jacobson S, et al. Higher infant blood lead levels with longer duration of breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 2009;155:663–667
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  7. Lanphear B, Dietrich K, Auinger P, Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 μg/dL in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep. 2000;115:521–529
  8. Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 μg per deciliter. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1517–1526
  9. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environmen Health Perspect. 2005;113:894–899
  10. Sanin LH, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Romieu I, Peterson KE, Ruiz S, Palazuelos E, et al. Effect of maternal lead burden on infant weight and weight gain at one month of age among breastfed infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1016–1023
  11. Ettinger A, Tellez-Rojo M, Amarasiriwardena C, Bellinger D, Peterson K, Schwartz J, et al. Effect of breast milk lead on infant blood lead levels at 1 month of age. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:1381–1385
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  15. Hernandez-Avila M, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Hernandez-Avila J, Romieu I, Peterson K, Aro A, et al. Dietary calcium supplements to lower blood lead levels in lactating women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Epidemiology. 2003;14:206–212
  16. Gulson B, Jameson C, Mahaffey K, Mizon K, Patison N, Law A, et al. Relationships of lead in breast milk to lead in blood, urine and diet of the infant and mother. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106:667–674
  17. Gulson B, Mizon K, Korsch M, Palmer J, Donnelly J. Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation-a summary of long-term research. Sci Tot Environ. 2003;303:79–104
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  19. Klitzman S, Sharma A, Nicaj L, Vitkevich R, Leighton J. Lead poisoning among pregnant women in New York City: risk factors and screening practices. J Urban Health. 2002;79:225–237
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  23. Gundacker C, Pietschnig B, Wittmann KJ, Lischka A, Salzer H, Hohenauer L, et al. Lead and mercury in breast milk. Pediatrics. 2002;110:873–878
  24. Ursinyova M, Masanova V. Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia. Food Additives Contaminants. 2005;22:579–589
  25. Chantry CJ, Auinger P, Byrd RS. Lactation among adolescent mothers and subsequent bone mineral density. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:650–656

 The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

PII: S0022-3476(09)00541-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.05.035

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 155, Issue 5 , Pages 610-611 , November 2009

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