The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 153, Issue 2 , Pages 215-221 , August 2008

Relationship between Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among US 8- to 14-Year-Olds, 1999 to 2002

  • Sarah E. Messiah, PhD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pediatric Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Dr. Sarah E. Messiah, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Research, Batchelor Children's Research Institute Room 541, 1580 NW 10th Avenue (D820), Miami, FL 33101.
  • ,
  • Kristopher L. Arheart, EdD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pediatric Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
    • Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
  • ,
  • Barbara Luke, ScD, MPH, RD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology and Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
  • ,
  • Steven E. Lipshultz, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pediatric Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
  • ,
  • Tracie L. Miller, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Pediatric Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL

Received 13 September 2007 ,Revised 18 January 2008 ,Accepted 4 March 2008.

References 

  1. Institute of Medicine. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2004;
  2. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–1555
  3. Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Rockville, MD: Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001;
  4. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute; 1998;
  5. Tataranni PA, Bogardus C. Changing habits to delay diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1390–1392
  6. Williamson DF. The prevention of obesity. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1140–1141
  7. Morrison JA, Friedman LA, Gray-McGuire C. Metabolic syndrome in childhood predicts adult cardiovascular disease 25 years later: the Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:340–345
  8. National Institutes of Health. The Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2001;NIH Publication 01-3670
  9. Arslanian SA. Metabolic differences between Caucasian and African-American children and the relationship to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;(Suppl 1):509–517
  10. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–1656
  11. Steinberger J, Daniels SR American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) American Heart Association Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation. 2003;107:1448–1453
  12. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–2374
  13. Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:821–827
  14. de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, Neufeld EJ, Newburger JW, Rifai N. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2004;110:2494–2497
  15. Chi CH, Wang Y, Wilson DM, Robinson TN. Definition of metabolic syndrome in preadolescent girls. J Pediatr. 2006;148:788–792
  16. Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr. 2007;150:12–17
  17. American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations 2002. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:S1–S147
  18. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114:555–576
  19. Hickman TB, Briefel RR, Carroll MD, Rifkind BM, Cleeman JI, Maurer KR, et al. Distributions and trends of serum lipid levels among United States children and adolescents ages 4-19 years: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prev Med. 1998;27:879–890
  20. Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr. 2004;145:439–444
  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. BMI - Body Mass Index: BMI for Children and Teens: 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/bmi-for-age.htm
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Laboratory Procedures Manual; 2004. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/lab1-6.pdfAccessed March 21, 2006.
  23. Chumlea NC, Kuczmarski RJ. Using a bony landmark to measure waist circumference. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995;95:12
  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES 1999–2000 Public Release Dataset—September 2003: Laboratory 10AM—Glucose, Insulin, and C-peptide; 2004. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/frequency/l10amdoc.pdfAccessed March 21, 2006.
  25. Bachorik PS, Walker RE, Virgil DG. High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in heparin-MnCl2 supernates determined with the Dow enzymic method after precipitation of Mn2_ with HCO3_. Clin Chem. 1984;30:839–842
  26. Miller TL, Horgan S, Lipshultz SE. Exercise rehabilitation of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disease. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;20:27–37
  27. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M American Diabetes Association European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2289–2304
  28. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–2752
  29. Kahn R. The metabolic syndrome (emperor) wears no clothes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1693–1696
  30. Grundy SM. Does the metabolic syndrome exist?. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1689–1692

PII: S0022-3476(08)00187-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.03.002

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 153, Issue 2 , Pages 215-221 , August 2008