The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 151, Issue 3 , Pages 225-228 , September 2007

Are Patients with Kawasaki Disease at Risk for Premature Atherosclerosis?

References 

  1. Kawasaki T. Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children. Arerugi. 1967;16:178–222
  2. Burns JC, Glode MP. Kawasaki Syndrome. Lancet. 2004;364:533–544
  3. Taubert KA, Rowley AH, Shulman ST. Nationwide survey of Kawasaki disease and acute rheumatic fever. J Pediatr. 1991;119:279–282
  4. Kato H, Sugimura T, Akagi T, Sato N, Hashino K, Maeno Y, et al. Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease (A 10- to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients). Circulation. 1996;94:1379–1385
  5. Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Gerber MA, Shulman ST, Ferrieri P, Freed M, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of Kawasaki disease in children. Circulation. 1993;87:1776–1780
  6. Newburger JW. Kawasaki disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2000;2:227–236
  7. de Zorzi A, Colan SD, Gauvreau K, Baker AL, Sundel RP, Newburger JW. Coronary artery dimensions may be misclassified as normal in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 1998;133:254–258
  8. Ross R. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126
  9. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105:1135–1143
  10. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499–511
  11. Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance. Circulation. 2007;115:1285–1295
  12. Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, Meredith IT, Knab S, Delagrange D, et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:1235–1241
  13. Weber T, Auer J, O’Rourke MF, Kvas E, Lassnig E, Berent R, et al. Arterial stiffness, wave reflections, and the risk of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2004;109:184–189
  14. Heiss G, Sharrett AR, Barnes R, Chambless LE, Szklo M, Alzola C. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:250–256
  15. Dalla Pozza R, Bechtold S, Urschel S, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Netz H. Subclinical atherosclerosis, but normal autonomic function after Kawasaki syndrome. J Pediatr. 2007;151:239–243
  16. McCrindle BW, McIntyre S, Kim C, Lin T, Adeli K. Are patients after Kawasaki Disease at increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis?. J Pediatr. 2007;151:244–248
  17. Silva AA, Maeno Y, Hashmi A, Smallhorn JF, Silverman ED, McCrindle BW. Cardiovascular risk factors after Kawasaki disease: a case-control study. J Pediatr. 2001;138:400–405
  18. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, Gewitz MH, Tani LY, Burns JC, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1708–1733
  19. Noto N, Okada T, Yamasuge M, Taniguchi K, Karasawa K, Ayusawa M, et al. Noninvasive assessment of the early progression of atherosclerosis in adolescents with Kawasaki disease and coronary artery lesions. Pediatrics. 2001;107:1095–1099
  20. Cheung YF, Wong SJ, Ho MH. Relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in children after Kawasaki disease. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:43–47
  21. Ikemoto Y, Ogino H, Teraguchi M, Kobayashi Y. Evaluation of preclinical atherosclerosis by flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery and carotid artery analysis in patients with a history of Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:782–786
  22. Dhillon R, Clarkson P, Donald AE, Powe AJ, Nash M, Novelli V, et al. Endothelial dysfunction late after Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 1996;94:2103–2106
  23. Kadono T, Sugiyama H, Hoshiai M, Osada M, Tan T, Naitoh A, et al. Endothelial function evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation in pediatric vascular disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26:385–390
  24. Mitani Y, Sawada H, Hayakawa H, Aoki K, Ohashi H, Matsumura M, et al. Elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum amyloid-A late after Kawasaki disease: association between inflammation and late coronary sequelae in Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 2005;111:38–43
  25. Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and atherosclerosis: role of C-reactive protein in risk assessment. Am J Med. 2004;116(Suppl 6A):9S–16S
  26. Takahashi M, Mason W, Lewis AB. Regression of coronary aneurysms in patients with Kawasaki syndrome. Circulation. 1987;75:387–394
  27. Tanaka N, Naoe S, Masuda H, Ueno T. Pathological study of sequelae of Kawasaki disease (MCLS) (With special reference to the heart and coronary arterial lesions). Acta Pathol Jpn. 1986;36:1513–1527
  28. Fujiwara H, Hamashima Y. Pathology of the heart in Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics. 1978;61:100–107
  29. Sasaguri Y, Kato H. Regression of aneurysms in Kawasaki disease: a pathological study. J Pediatr. 1982;100:225–231
  30. Sugimura T, Kato H, Inoue O, Fukuda T, Sato N, Ishii M, et al. Intravascular ultrasound of coronary arteries in children (Assessment of the wall morphology and the lumen after Kawasaki disease). Circulation. 1994;89:258–265
  31. Suzuki A, Yamagishi M, Kimura K, Sugiyama H, Arakaki Y, Kamiya T, et al. Functional behavior and morphology of the coronary artery wall in patients with Kawasaki disease assessed by intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:291–296
  32. Tsuda E, Kamiya T, Kimura K, Ono Y, Echigo S. Coronary artery dilatation exceeding 4.0 mm during acute Kawasaki disease predicts a high probability of subsequent late intima-medial thickening. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23:9–14
  33. Kurisu Y, Azumi T, Sugahara T, Igarashi Y, Takamiya M, Kozuka T. Variation in coronary arterial dimension (distensible abnormality) after disappearing aneurysm in Kawasaki disease. Am Heart J. 1987;114:532–538
  34. Matsumura K, Okuda Y, Ito T, Hirano T, Takeda K, Yamaguchi N. Coronary angiography of Kawasaki disease with the coronary vasodilator dipyridamole: assessment of distensibility of affected coronary arterial wall. Angiology. 1988;39:141–147
  35. Sugimura T, Kato H, Inoue O, Takagi J, Fukuda T, Sato N. Vasodilatory response of the coronary arteries after Kawasaki disease: evaluation by intracoronary injection of isosorbide dinitrate. J Pediatr. 1992;121:684–688
  36. Iemura M, Ishii M, Sugimura T, Akagi T, Kato H. Long term consequences of regressed coronary aneurysms after Kawasaki disease: vascular wall morphology and function. Heart. 2000;83:307–311
  37. Senzaki H, Chen CH, Ishido H, Masutani S, Matsunaga T, Taketazu M, et al. Arterial hemodynamics in patients after Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 2005;111:2119–2125
  38. Cheung YF, Ho MH, Tam SC, Yung TC. Increased high sensitivity C reactive protein concentrations and increased arterial stiffness in children with a history of Kawasaki disease. Heart. 2004;90:1281–1285
  39. Nakamura Y, Yanagawa H, Kato H, Harada K, Kawasaki T. Mortality among patients with a history of Kawasaki disease: the third look (The Kawasaki Disease Follow-up Group). Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1998;40:419–423
  40. Albisetti M, Chan AK, McCrindle BW, Wong D, Vegh P, Adams M, et al. Fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion is decreased in patients after Kawasaki disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003;14:181–186
  41. Deng YB, Li TL, Xiang HJ, Chang Q, Li CL. Impaired endothelial function in the brachial artery after Kawasaki disease and the effects of intravenous administration of vitamin C. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:34–39
  42. Furuyama H, Odagawa Y, Katoh C, Iwado Y, Ito Y, Noriyasu K, et al. Altered myocardial flow reserve and endothelial function late after Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr. 2003;142:149–154
  43. Muzik O, Paridon SM, Singh TP, Morrow WR, Dayanikli F, Di Carli MF. Quantification of myocardial blood flow and flow reserve in children with a history of Kawasaki disease and normal coronary arteries using positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:757–762
  44. Cheung YF, Yung TC, Tam SC, Ho MH, Chau AK. Novel and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in children after Kawasaki disease: implications for premature atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:120–124
  45. Ooyanagi R, Fuse S, Tomita H, Takamuro M, Horita N, Mori M, et al. Pulse wave velocity and ankle brachial index in patients with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int. 2004;46:398–402
  46. Mitani Y, Okuda Y, Shimpo H, Uchida F, Hamanaka K, Aoki K, et al. Impaired endothelial function in epicardial coronary arteries after Kawasaki disease. Circulation. 1997;96:454–461
  47. Yamakawa R, Ishii M, Sugimura T, Akagi T, Eto G, Iemura M, et al. Coronary endothelial dysfunction after Kawasaki disease: evaluation by intracoronary injection of Acetylcholine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1074–1080
  48. Suzuki A, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Komatsu K, Nakazawa M, Fukaya T, Baba K, et al. Immunohistochemical study of apparently intact coronary artery in a child after Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int. 2004;46:590–596
  49. Splansky GL, Corey D, Yang Q, Atwood LD, Cupples LA, Benjamin EJ, et al. The Third Generation Cohort of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study: design, recruitment, and initial examination. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;[Epub ahead of print]
  50. Vita JA, Keaney JF, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Massaro JM, Lipinska I, et al. Brachial artery vasodilator function and systemic inflammation in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation. 2004;110:3604–3609
  51. Ingelsson E, Sullivan LM, Murabito JM, Fox CS, Benjamin EJ, Polak JF, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of subclinical cardiovascular disease in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Diabetes. 2007;[Epub ahead of print]
  52. Cabana VG, Gidding SS, Getz GS, Chapman J, Shulman ST. Serum amyloid A and high density lipoprotein participate in the acute phase response of Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Res. 1997;42:651–655
  53. Newburger JW, Burns JC, Beiser AS, Loscalzo J. Altered lipid profile after Kawasaki syndrome. Circulation. 1991;84:625–631
  54. Nakamura Y, Aso E, Yashiro M, Uehara R, Watanabe M, Tajimi M, et al. Mortality among persons with a history of Kawasaki disease in Japan: can paediatricians safely discontinue follow-up of children with a history of the disease but without cardiac sequelae?. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:429–434
  55. Kavey RE, Allada V, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, McCrindle BW, Newburger JW, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science; the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Epidemiology and Prevention, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, High Blood Pressure Research, Cardiovascular Nursing, and the Kidney in Heart Disease; and the Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2006;114:2710–2738

 Reprint requests: not available.

PII: S0022-3476(07)00460-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.05.011

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 151, Issue 3 , Pages 225-228 , September 2007

Article Tools