The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 151, Issue 4 , Pages 364-368 , October 2007

Associations between Media Viewing and Language Development in Children Under Age 2 Years

  • Frederick J. Zimmerman, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Child Health Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA.
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Dr. Frederick J. Zimmerman, Child Health Institute, University of Washington, 6200 NE 74th Street, Seattle, WA 98115.
    • ,
  • Dimitri A. Christakis, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Child Health Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA.
    • ,
  • Andrew N. Meltzoff, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Received 13 November 2006 ,Revised 16 February 2007 ,Accepted 30 April 2007.

References 

  1. Anderson DR. Educational television is not an oxymoron. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 1998;557:24–38
  2. Garrison M, Christakis D. A Teacher in the Living Room? (Educational Media for Babies, Toddlers, and Preschoolers). Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2005;
  3. Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, DiGiuseppe DL, McCarty CA. Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:708–713
  4. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA. Children’s television viewing and cognitive outcomes: a longitudinal analysis of national data. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:619–625
  5. American Academy of Pediatrics. Media education. Pediatrics. 1999;104:341–343
  6. American Academy of PediatricsCommittee on Public Education. Children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics. 2001;107:423–426
  7. Zimmerman FJ, Christakis DA, Meltzoff A. Television and DVD/video viewing in children younger than 2 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:473–479
  8. Woodard EH. Media in the home 2000: the fifth annual survey of parents and children. Survey series 7:1-41, Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania; 2000.
  9. Weber DS, Singer DG. The media habits of infants and toddlers: findings from a parent survey. Zero to Three. 2004;25:30–36
  10. Fenson L, Pethick S, Renda C, Cox JL, Dale PS, Reznick JS. Short-form versions of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. Appl Psycholing. 2000;21:95–116
  11. Fenson L, Dale P, Reznick JS, Bates E, Thal D, Pethick S. Variability in early communicative development. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59:1–190
  12. Dale PS, Fenson L. Lexical development norms for young children. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 1996;28:125–127
  13. Nelson CA, Bosquet M. Neurobiology of fetal and infant development: implications for infant mental health. In:  Zeanah CH editors. Handbook of Infant Mental Health. 2nd ed.. New York: Guilford Press; 2000;p. 37–59
  14. Lamb ME, Teti DM, Bornstein MH, Nash A. Infancy. In:  Lewis M editors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002;p. 293–323
  15. Johnson MH. Functional brain development during infancy. In:  Bremner G,  Fogel A editor. Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development. Oxford: UK: Blackwell; 2001;p. 169–190
  16. Paul R, Miles S. Development of communication. In:  Lewis M editors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002;p. 332–343
  17. Ritchie WC, Bhatia TK. Handbook of Child Language Acquisition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999;
  18. Kuhl PK, Tsao F-M, Liu H-M. Foreign-language experience in infancy: Effects of short-term exposure and social interaction on phonetic learning. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2003;100:9096–9101
  19. Kuhl PK. Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:831–843
  20. Healy JM. Endangered Minds: Why Our Children Don’t Think and What We Can Do About It. New York: Simon & Schuster; 1990;

 Supported by the Tamaki Foundation. Dr. Zimmerman’s participation was also supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health (grant 1 K01 MH06446-01A1) and Dr. Meltzoff’s by the National Science Foundation (grant SBE-0354453). Throughout this project, Dr. Zimmerman had full access to all of the data in the study, and he takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

PII: S0022-3476(07)00447-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.071

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 151, Issue 4 , Pages 364-368 , October 2007

Article Tools