The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 150, Issue 2 , Pages 168-174.e1 , February 2007

Clinical Spectrum and Histopathologic Features of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Children

Received 29 December 2005 ,Revised 5 October 2006 ,Accepted 9 November 2006.

References 

  1. Alter HJ, Seeff LB. Recovery, persistence and sequelae in hepatitis C virus infection: a perspective on long-term outcome. Semin Liv Dis. 2000;20:17–35
  2. Seeff LB, Hollinger FB, Alter HJ, Wright EC, Cain CMB, Buskell ZL, et al. Long-term morbidity and mortality of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study. Hepatology. 2001;33:455–463
  3. Seeff LB. Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;36:S35–S46
  4. Kinney-Walsh E. Clinical outcomes after hepatitis C infection from contaminated anti-D immune globulin: Irish Hepatology Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1228–1233
  5. Casiraghi MA, Paschale MD, Romano L, Biffi R, Assi A, Binelli G, et al. Long-term outcome (35 years) of hepatitis C after acquisition of infection through mini transfusions of blood given at birth. Hepatology. 2004;39:90–96
  6. Minola E, Prati D, Suter F, Maggiolo F, Caprioli F, Zogni A, et al. Age at infection affects the long term outcome of transfusion-associated chronic hepatitis C. Blood. 2002;99:4588–4591
  7. Cesaro S, Petris MG, Rossetti F, Cusinato R, Pipan C, Guido M, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection after treatment for pediatric malignancy. Blood. 1997;90:1315–1320
  8. Locasciulli A, Testa M, Pontisso P, Benvegnu L, Fraschini D, Corbetta A, et al. Prevalence and natural history of hepatitis C infection in patients cured of childhood leukemia. Blood. 1997;90:4628–4633
  9. Lai ME, DeVirgilis S, Argiolu F, Farci P, Mazzoleni AP, Lisci V, et al. Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a long-term prospective study of post transfusion hepatitis among thalassemic children: comparison between first and second generation assay. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1993;16:458–464
  10. Mohan P, Glymph C, Baxter C, Chandra RR, Kleiner DE, Luban NLC, et al. Histopathology and epidemiology of hepatitis C in children: a single institution study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31:S115
  11. Schwimmer JB, Balistreri WF. Transmission, natural history and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the pediatric population. Semin Liv Dis. 2000;20:37–46
  12. Aach RD, Yomtovian RA, Hack M. Neonatal and pediatric post transfusion hepatitis C: a look back and a look forward. Pediatrics. 2000;105:836–842
  13. Bortolloti F, Jara P, Diaz C, Vajro P, Hierro L, Giacchino R, et al. Posttransfusion and community-acquired hepatitis C in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1994;18:279–283
  14. Matsuoka S, Tatara K, Hayabuchi Y, Taguchi Y, Mori K, Honda H, et al. Serologic, virologic, and histologic characteristics of chronic phase hepatitis C virus disease in children infected by transfusion. Pediatrics. 1994;94:919–922
  15. Kage M, Fujisawa T, Shiraki K, Tanaka T, Fugisawa T, Kimura A, et al. Pathology of chronic hepatitis C in children. Hepatology. 1997;26:771–775
  16. Guido M, Rugge M, Jara P, Hierro L, Giacchino R, Larrauri J, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in children: the pathological and clinical spectrum. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1525–1529
  17. Garcia-Monzone C, Jara P, Fernandez-Bermejo M, Hierro L, Frauca E, Camarena C, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in children: a clinical and immunohistochemical comparative study with adult patients. Hepatology. 1998;28:1696–1701
  18. Vogt M, Lang T, Frosner G, Klingler C, Sendl AF, Zeller A, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of HCV infection in children who underwent cardiac surgery before the implementation of blood-donor screening. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:866–870
  19. Hoshiyama A, Kimura A, Fujisawa T, Kage M, Kato H. Clinical and histologic features of chronic hepatitis C virus infection after blood transfusion in Japanese children. Pediatrics. 2000;105:62–65
  20. Jara P, Resti M, Hierro L, Giacchino R, Barbera C, Zancan L, et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection in childhood: clinical patterns and evolution in 224 white children. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:275–280
  21. Badizadegan K, Jonas MM, Ott MJ, Nelson SP, Perez-Atayde AR. Histopathology of the liver in children with chronic hepatitis C viral infection. Hepatology. 1998;28:1416–1423
  22. Strickland DK, Reily CA, Patrick CC, Jones-Wallace D, Boyett JM, Waters B, et al. Hepatitis C infection among survivors of childhood cancer. Blood. 2000;95:3065–3070
  23. Castellino S, Lensing S, Reily C, Rai SN, Davila R, Hayden RT, et al. The epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C infection in survivors of childhood cancer: an update of the St Jude Children’s Research Hospital hepatitis C seropositive cohort. Blood. 2004;103:2460–2466
  24. Batts KP, Ludwig J. Chronic hepatitis: an update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:1409–1417
  25. Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1981;1:431–435
  26. SAS Institute Inc. SAS Procedures Guide, Release 6.03 Ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1988;The CORR Procedure, 125-150
  27. Mohan P, Chandra RS, Escolar DM, Luban NLC. Inflammatory myopathy and hepatitis C in a pediatric patient: role of liver biopsy in evaluating the severity of liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;34:851–852
  28. Mohan P, Chandra RS, Kleiner DE, Luban NLC. An unusual presentation perinatally transmitted hepatitis C. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:160–161
  29. Roberts EA, King SM, Fearon M, McGee N. Hepatitis C in children after transfusion: assessment by look-back studies. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1998;61:195–197
  30. Davoren A, Dillon AD, Power JP, Donnellan J, Quinn JM, Willis JW, et al. Outcome of an optional HCV screening program for blood transfusion recipients in Ireland. Transfusion. 2002;42:1501–1506
  31. Goldman M, Long A. Hepatitis C lookback in Canada. Vox Sang. 2000;78(suppl 2):249–252
  32. Hoofnagle J. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology. 1997;26(suppl 1):15S–20S
  33. McCormick SE, Goodman ZD, Maydonovitch CL, Sjogren MH. Evaluation of liver histology, ALT elevation, and HCV RNA titer in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1516–1522
  34. Pradat P, Alberti A, Poynard T, Esteban JI, Weiland O, Marcellin P, et al. Predictive value of ALT levels for histologic findings in chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Hepatology. 2002;36:973–977
  35. Ishak KG. Pathologic features of chronic hepatitis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;113:405
  36. Guido M, Bortolotti F, Leandro G, Jara P, Hierro L, et al. Fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C acquired in infancy: is it only a matter of time?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:660–663
  37. Poynard T, Badossa P, Opolon P OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR & DOSVIRC groups. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Lancet. 1997;349:825–832
  38. Bortolliti F, Muratori I, Jara P, Hierro L, Verucchi G, Giacchino R, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection associated with liver-kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM 1) autoantibodies in children. J Pediatr. 2003;142:185–190
  39. Weise M, Grñgreiff K, Gt̃hoff W, Lafrenz M, Oesen U, Porst H. Outcome in a hepatitis C (genotype 1b) single source outbreak in Germany: a 25-year multicenter study. J Hepatol. 2005;43:590–598
  40. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, DiMartino V, Charlotte F, Azria F, Coutellier A, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. Hepatology. 1999;30:1054–1058

 The study was funded in part by a grant (RO1 HL 56060) from the National Institutes of Health.

PII: S0022-3476(06)01110-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.11.037

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 150, Issue 2 , Pages 168-174.e1 , February 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution