The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 149, Issue 6 , Pages 742-745 , December 2006

Marijuana use, adolescent pregnancy, and alteration in newborn behavior: How complex can it get?

Received 25 September 2006 ,Accepted 6 October 2006.

References 

  1. Barros MCM, Guinsburg R, Peres CDA, Mitsuhiro S, Chalem E, Laranjeira RR. Exposure to marijuana during pregnancy alters neurobehavior in the early newborn period. J Pediatr. 2006;149:781
  2. Childers SR, Breivogel CS. Cannabis and endogenous cannabinoid systems. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998;51:173–187
  3. Pertwee RG. The central neuropharmacology of psychotropic cannabinoids. Pharmacol Ther. 1988;36:189–261
  4. Herkenham M. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain: relationship to motor and reward systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;654:19–32
  5. Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Cebeira M, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ, Navarro M, Ramos JA. Effects of pre- and perinatal exposure to hashish extracts on the ontogeny of brain dopaminergic neurons. Neuroscience. 1991;43:713–723
  6. Suarez I, Bodega G, Rubio M, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ, Ramos JA, Fernandez B. Prenatal cannabinoid exposure down- regulates glutamate transporter expressions (GLAST and EAAC1) in the rat cerebellum. Dev Neurosci. 2004;26:45–53
  7. Wang X, Dow-Edwards D, Anderson V, Minkoff H, Hurd YL. In utero marijuana exposure associated with abnormal amygdala dopamine D2 gene expression in the human fetus. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:909–915
  8. Bailey JR, Cunny HC, Paule MG, Slikker W. Fetal disposition of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1987;90:315–321
  9. Scafidi FA, Field T, Prodromidis M, Rahdert E. Psychosocial stressors of drug-abusing disadvantaged adolescent mothers. Adolescence. 1997;32:93–100
  10. English DR, Hulse GK, Milne E, Holman CD, Bower CI. Maternal cannabis use and birth weight: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 1997;92:1553–1560
  11. Zuckerman B, Frank DA, Hingson R, Amaro H, Levenson SM, Kayne H, et al. Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:762–768
  12. Frank DA, Bauchner H, Parker S, Huber AM, Kyei-Aboagye K, Cabral H, et al. Neonatal body proportionality and body composition after in utero exposure to cocaine and marijuana. J Pediatr. 1990;117:622–626
  13. Fried PA, Watkinson B, Willan A. Marijuana use during pregnancy and decreased length of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150:23–27
  14. Cornelius MD, Taylor PM, Geva D, Day NL. Prenatal tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents: effects on offspring gestational age, growth, and morphology. Pediatrics. 1995;95:738–743
  15. Fried PA, Makin JE. Neonatal behavioural correlates of prenatal exposure to marihuana, cigarettes and alcohol in a low risk population. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1987;9:1–7
  16. Fried PA, Watkinson B, Dillon RF, Dulberg CS. Neonatal neurological status in a low-risk population after prenatal exposure to cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1987;8:318–326
  17. Dreher MC, Nugent K, Hudgins R. Prenatal marijuana exposure and neonatal outcomes in Jamaica: an ethnographic study. Pediatrics. 1994;93:254–260
  18. Lester BM, Tronick EZ, Brazelton TB. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale procedures. Pt 2 Pediatrics. 2004;113(3):641–667
  19. Brazelton TB. Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. London: Spastics International Medical Publications; 1973;
  20. Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. Differential effects on cognitive functioning in 13- to 16-year-olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2003;25:427–436
  21. 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, http://www.samhsa.gov.
  22. Mitsuhiro SS, Chalem E, Barros MC, Guinsburg R, Laranjeira R. Prevalence of cocaine and marijuana use in the last trimester of adolescent pregnancy: socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics. Addict Behav 2006 [Epub ahead of print].
  23. Parker JS, Benson MJ. Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence. 2004;39:519–530
  24. Klein JD. Adolescent pregnancy: current trends and issues. Pediatrics. 2005;116:281–286
  25. Chandra PC, Schiavello HJ, Ravi B, Weinstein AG, Hook FB. Pregnancy outcomes in urban teenagers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;79:117–122
  26. Jolly MC, Sebire N, Harris J, Robinson S, Regan L. Obstetric risks of pregnancy in women less than 18 years old. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:962–966
  27. Igwegbe AO, Udigwe GO. Teenage pregnancy: still an obstetric risk. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;21:478–481
  28. Conde-Agudelo A, Belizan JM, Lammers C. Maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: cross-sectional study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:342–349
  29. Thato S, Rachukul S, Sopajaree C. Obstetrics and perinatal outcomes of Thai pregnant adolescents: a retrospective study. Int J Nurs Stud 2006 [Epub ahead of print].
  30. Orvos H, Nyirati I, Hajdu J, Pal A, Nyari T, Kovacs L. Is adolescent pregnancy associated with adverse perinatal outcome?. J Perinat Med. 1999;27:199–203
  31. Salihu HM, Sharma PP, Ekundayo OJ, Kristensen S, Badewa AP, Kirby RS, et al. Childhood pregnancy (10-14 years old) and risk of stillbirth in singletons and twins. J Pediatr. 2006;148:522–526
  32. Schmidt RM, Wiemann CM, Rickert VI, Smith EO. Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed four years postpartum. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38:712–718
  33. Birkeland R, Thompson JK, Phares V. Adolescent motherhood and postpartum depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2005;34:292–300
  34. Zuckerman B, Bauchner H, Parker S, Cabral H. Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and newborn irritability. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1990;11:190–194
  35. Seifer R, LaGasse LL, Lester B, Bauer CR, Shankaran S, Bada HS, et al. Attachment status in children prenatally exposed to cocaine and other substances. Child Dev. 2004;75:850–868
  36. Tronick EZ, Messinger DS, Weinberg MK, Lester BM, Lagasse L, Seifer R, et al. Cocaine exposure is associated with subtle compromises of infants’ and mothers’ social-emotional behavior and dyadic features of their interaction in the face-to-face still-face paradigm. Dev Psychol. 2005;41:711–722
  37. Tronick EZ, Cohn JF. Infant-mother face-to-face interaction: age and gender differences in coordination and the occurrence of miscoordination. Child Dev. 1989;60:85–92
  38. Milan S, Ickovics JR, Kershaw T, Lewis J, Meade C, Ethier K. Prevalence, course, and predictors of emotional distress in pregnant and parenting adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72:328–340
  39. Dukewich TL, Borkowski JG, Whitman TL. Adolescent mothers and child abuse potential: an evaluation of risk factors. Child Abuse Negl. 1996;20:1031–1047
  40. ACOG Committee Opinion (Number 335, May 2006: The initial reproductive health visit). Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1215–1219

PII: S0022-3476(06)00982-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.10.049

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 149, Issue 6 , Pages 742-745 , December 2006

Article Tools