The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 145, Issue 5 , Pages 652-656 , November 2004

Television, video, and computer game usage in children under 11 years of age

Received 23 April 2004 ,Revised 11 June 2004 ,Accepted 29 June 2004.

References 

  1. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Public Education . Media violence. Pediatrics. 2001;108:1222–1226
  2. Wiecha JL, Sobol AM, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Household television access: associations with screen time, reading, and homework among youth. Ambulatory Pediatr. 2001;1:244–251
  3. Wake M, Hesketh K, Waters E. Television, computer use and body mass index in Australian primary school children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39:130–134
  4. Robinson TN. Television viewing and childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001;48:1017–1025
  5. Gidwani PP, Sobol A, DeJong W, Perrin JM, Gortmaker SL. Television viewing and initiation of smoking among youth. Pediatrics. 2002;110:505–508
  6. Giammattei J, Blix G, Marshak HH, Wollitzer AO, Pettitt DJ. Television watching and soft drink consumption: associations with obesity in 11- to 13-year-old schoolchildren. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:882–886
  7. Crespo CJ, Smit E, Troiano RP, Bartlett SJ, Macera CA, Andersen RE. Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:360–365
  8. Gortmaker SL, Must A, Sobol AM, Peterson K, Colditz GA, Dietz WH. Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:356–362
  9. Dietz WH, Gortmaker SL. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1985;75:807–812
  10. Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, DiGiuseppe DL, McCarty CA. Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children. Pediatrics. 2004;113:708–713
  11. Certain LK, Kahn RS. Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics. 2002;109:634–642
  12. Dennison BA, Erb TA, Jenkins PL. Television viewing and television in bedroom associated with overweight risk among low-income preschool children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:1028–1035
  13. American Academy of Pediatrics . Committee on Public Education: children, adolescents, and television. Pediatrics. 2001;107:423–426
  14. Robinson TN, Wilde ML, Navracruz LC, Haydel KF, Varady A. Effects of reducing children's television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial. [comment] Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:17–23
  15. Coon KA, Goldberg J, Rogers BL, Tucker KL. Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E7
  16. Baranowski T, Perry CL, Parcel GS. Social Cognitive Theory. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 1997;
  17. Bandura A. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1977;
  18. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1986;
  19. Dennison BA, Russo TJ, Burdick PA, Jenkins PL. An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:170–176
  20. Robinson TN, Wilde ML, Navracruz LC, Haydel KF, Varady A. Effects of reducing children's television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial. [see comment] Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:17–23
  21. Robinson TN. Can a school-based intervention to reduce television use decrease adiposity in children in grades 3 and 4?. West J Med. 2000;173:40
  22. Lumley T, Diehr P, Emerson S, Chen L. The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002;23:151–169
  23. American Association of Public Opinion Research. Standards and best practices. Standard definitions: final dispositions of case codes and outcomes rates for surveys. Available at: http://www.aapor.org/default.asp?page=survey_methods/standards_and_best_practices/standard_definitions, January 13, 2004.
  24. Rideout VJ, Vandewater EA, Wartella EA. Zero to Six: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers. Menlo Park, Calif: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2003;
  25. Stein RE, Shenkman E, Wegener DH, Silver EJ. Health of children in Title XXI: should we worry?. Pediatrics. 2003;112:e112–e118
  26. Mansour ME, Kotagal U, Rose B, Ho M, Brewer D, Roy-Chaudhury A, et al. Health-related quality of life in urban elementary schoolchildren. Pediatrics. 2003;111(6 Pt 1):1372–1381
  27. Anderson DR, Field DE, Collins PA, Lorch EP, Nathan JG. Estimates of young children's time with television: a methodological comparison of parent reports with time-lapse video home observation. Child Dev. 1985;56:1345–1357

 Supported by a grant to D.A.C. from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (R01 HS13302-02).

PII: S0022-3476(04)00644-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.06.078

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 145, Issue 5 , Pages 652-656 , November 2004