The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 138, Issue 3 , Pages 366-372 , March 2001

Colonic CD8 and γδ T-cell infiltration with epithelial damage in children with autism

Received 7 April 2000 ,Revised 3 August 2000 ,Accepted 30 August 2000.

References 

  1. Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, et al.  Ileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998;351:637–641
  2. Wakefield AJ, Anthony A, Murch SH, Thomson M, Montgomery SM, Davies S, et al.  Entero-colitis and immunodeficiency in children with developmental disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2285–2295
  3. Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, Petropoulos MC, Favot-Mayaud I, Li J, et al.  Autism and measles mumps and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet. 1999;353:2026–2029
  4. Changes in the population of persons with autism and pervasive developmental disorders in California’s Developmental Services system: 1987 through. A report to the legislature http://www.dds.ca.gov/autismreport.cfm1998;
  5. Ojuawo A, St Louis D, Lindley KJ, Milla PJ. Non-infective colitis in infancy: evidence in favour of minor immunodeficiency in its pathogenesis. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:345–348
  6. Walker-Smith JA, Murch SH. Crohn’s disease and abdominal tuberculosis.. In: Diseases of the small intestine in childhood. 4th ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Isis Medical Media; 1999;p. 299–328
  7. D’Eufemia P, Celli M, Finocchiaro R, Pacifico L, Viozzi L, Zaccaginini M, et al.  Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:1076–1079
  8. Walker-Smith JA, Andrews J. Alpha-1 antitrypsin, autism and coeliac disease. Lancet. 1972;2:883–884
  9. Shattock P, Kennedy A, Rowell F, Berney TP. Role of neuropeptides in autism and their relationships with classical neurotransmitters. Brain Dysfunction. 1991;3:328–345
  10. Reichelt KL, Hole K, Hamberger A, Saelid G, Edminson PD, Braestrup CB, et al.  Biologically active peptide-containing fractions in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1981;28:627–643
  11. Waring RH, Ngong JM, Klovrza L, Green S, Sharp H. Biochemical parameters in autistic children. Dev Brain Dysfunction. 1997;10:40–43
  12. Horvath K, Papadimitriou JC, Rabsztyn A, Drachenberg C, Tildon JT. Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autism. J Pediatr. 1999;135:559–563
  13. Volkmar FR, Klin A, Siegel B, Szatmari P, Lord C, Campbell M, et al.  Field trials for autistic behaviour in DSM-IV. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1361–1367
  14. O’Morain CA, Abelow AC, Chervu LR, Fleischner GM, Das KM. Chromium 51-ethylenediaminetetraacetate test: a useful test in the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Lab Clin Med. 1986;108:430–435
  15. Murch SH, MacDonald TT, Walker-Smith JA, Levin M, Lionetti P, Klein NJ. Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet. 1993;341:711–714
  16. Walker-Smith JA, Murch SH. Enterocyte proliferation and functions. In: 4th ed. Diseases of the small intestine in childhood. Oxford, United Kingdom: Isis Medical Media; 1999;p. 29–43
  17. Beattie RM, Walker-Smith JA, Murch SH. Indications for investigation of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73:354–355
  18. Murch S, Thomson M, Walker-Smith J. Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine [letter]. Lancet. 1998;351:908
  19. Iacono G, Cavataio F, Montalto G, Florena A, Tumminello M, Soresi M, et al.  Intolerance of cow’s milk and chronic constipation in children. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1100–1104
  20. Shah N, Lindley K, Milla P. Cow’s milk and chronic constipation in children. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:891–892
  21. Sun Z, Cade JR, Fregly MJ, Privette RM. β-Casomorphin induces Fos-like immunoreactivity in discrete brain regions relevant to schizophrenia and autism. Autism. 1999;3:67–83
  22. Sun Z, Cade JR. A peptide found in schizophrenia and autism causes behavioral changes in rats. Autism. 1999;3:85–95
  23. Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA, Peeden JH. Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risks in autism. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:388–394
  24. Warren RP, Singh VK, Averett RE, Odell JD, Maciulis A, Burger RA, et al.  Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders. Mol Clin Neuropathol. 1996;28:77–81
  25. Van Gent T, Heijnen CJ, Treffers PD. Autism and the immune system. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 1997;38:337–349
  26. Carroll MC. The lupus paradox. Nat Genet. 1998;19:3–4
  27. Singh VK, Warren R, Averett R, Ghaziuddin M. Circulating autoantibodies to neuronal and glial filament proteins in autism. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;17:88–90
  28. Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC. Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;89:105–108
  29. Messahel S, Pheasant AE, Pall H, Ahmed-Choudhury J, Sungum-Paliwal RS, Vostanis P. Urinary levels of neopterin and biopterin in autism. Neurosci Lett. 1998;241:17–20
  30. Warren RP, Yonk J, Burger RW, Odell D, Warren WL. DR-positive T cells in autism: association with decreased plasma levels of the complement C4B protein. Neuropsychobiol. 1995;31:53–57
  31. Abuzakouk M, Kelleher D, Feighery C, O’Farrelly C. Increased HLA-DR and decreased CD3 on human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: evidence of activation?. Gut. 1996;39:396–400
  32. Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Rashanravan B, Lee T. Th1- and Th2-like cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in autism. J Neuroimmunol. 1998;85:106–109
  33. Walker Smith J, Murch S. Coeliac disease. In: 4th ed. Diseases of the small intestine in childhood. Oxford, United Kingdom: Isis Medical Media; 1999;p. 235–277

☆ Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, M. und W. Lichtenstein-Stiftung, FAG Basel, Ciba-Geigy Jubiläums-Stiftung and Akademische Nachwuchsförderung der Universität Basel Switzerland (Dr Furlano) and by the Bailey Thomas Charitable Fund, the Basil Samuel Charitable Trust, the Normanby Charitable Trust, PF Charitable Trust, and the Sir Samuel Scott of Yews Charitable Trust.

☆☆ Reprint requests: Simon Murch, PhD, FRCP, FRCPCH, University Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PF United Kingdom.

PII: S0022-3476(01)92227-9

doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.111323

The Journal of Pediatrics
Volume 138, Issue 3 , Pages 366-372 , March 2001

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution